easy english grammer learner second step about verbs

Verbs...

Present (BE + -ING)

- What are they doing?
- They are playing football.

Main use: action which is being done at the same moment.

Syntax: Auxiliary BE (conjugated) + Verb ending in -ING

Examples:
I am playing football.
You are playing football.
He/She/It is playing football.
We are playing football.
You are playing football.
They are playing football.

Negation: I am not playing football, you are not playing football...

Question: Am I playing football? Are you playing football? Is he playing football? ...

Answers:

Are they playing football?

Long answers:	Yes, they're playing football.	No, they aren't playing football.
Short answers:	Yes, they are.	No, they aren't.

 TEST - Fill in the gaps

1. They ........................ (study) at the moment.
2. She ........................ TV.
3. What ........................ (you/read) at the moment?
4. I ........................ (cook) dinner tonight. Would you like to come?
5. It ........................ (work). I think it's broken.
6. He ........................ (learn) German for his job.

ANSWERS

1. are studying | 2. She is watching TV. | 3. What are you reading at the moment? | 4. I am cooking | 5. It is not working | 6. He is learning
Present Simple

- What time do you wake up?
- I wake up at 9.30 am

Main uses: permanent situations, regular habits and daily routine; feelings

Syntax: In the positive form, add an 's' to the base form of the 3rd person singular. If the verb ends in -y preceded by a consonant, change the -y to -ies

Examples:
I wake up
You wake up
He/She/It wakeS up
We wake up
You wake up
They wake up

Negative:Conjugate 'do' + not (don't and doesn't) + the base form of the verb to make negatives.
I don't wake up at 9.30 am
She doesn't wake up at 9.30 am

Question: Conjugate 'do' (do or does) + the base form of the verb in question forms.
Do you wake up at 9.30?
Does she wake up at 9.30?

Answers:

Do you wake up at 9.30 ?

Long answer:	Yes, I wake up at 9.30	No, I don't wake up at 9.30
Short answer:	Yes, I do.	No, I don't.

 TEST

1. The cinema _______________ (close) at 7 pm.
2. The _______________ (not/think) that you should buy this dress.
3. We usually _______________ (take) a taxi to go to work.
4. How often _______________ (you go) to the swimming-pool?
5. Courses _______________ (begin) the third of September.
6. When _______________ (he arrive) home in the evenings?
7. They _______________ (not/live) in Washington, they _______________ (live) in New York.
8. We usually _______________ (take) a taxi to go to work.
9. He _______________ (get up) early on Mondays.
10. I _______________ (not/believe) in witches.
11. The Sun's rays _______________ (take) eight minutes to reach the Earth.

ANSWERS
1. closes - 2. do not think = don't think - 3. take - 4. do you go - 5. begin - 6. when does he arrive home? - 7. don't live | live - 8. take - 9. gets up - 10. don't believe - 11. take

Two presents: present continuous, present simple

PRESENT CONTINUOUS (BE + -ING) vs PRESENT SIMPLE

	PRESENT (BE + -ING)	PRESENT SIMPLE
Main use	Action which is being done at the same moment	Permanent situations; regular habits and daily routine; feelings
Affirmative	AUXILIARY BE + verb ending in -ING eg: I am playing, you are playing, he/she/it is playing, we are playing, you are playing, they are playing	In the positive form, add an 's' to the base form of the 3rd person singular. eg : I play, you play, he/she/it plays, we play, you play, they play
Exceptions	1) If the verb ends in '-e', remove the '-e': smoke -> he is smoking 2) If the verb has one syllable AND if it ends in 'consonant-vowel-consonant', double the final consonant: run -> running	1) If the verb ends in 'ch', 's', 'sh', 'x', 'z', 'o', add '-es' to the base forme of the 3rd p sg: she goes, he catches 2) If the verb ends in -y preceded by a consonant, change the '-y' to '-ies': study -> he studies.
Negative	Use NOT eg: I am not playing	Use DO NOT / DON'T or DOES NOT / DOESN'T (3rd p sg) eg: I don't play, she doesn't play
Questions	Auxiliary BE at the beginning of the question eg: Are you playing football?	Auxiliary DO or DOES at the beginning of the question eg: Do you play football? Does he play football?
Short answers	Use BE eg: Yes, I am. No, he isn't.	Use DO or DOES eg: Yes, I do. No, he doesn't.

Conjugate the verbs between brackets. Use the present simple or the present continuous.
Warning: only NEGATIVE contracted forms are accepted.
Examples: we don't accept ''They're playing'' (write: They are playing) BUT we accept ''They aren't playing''.

Present simple or Present continuous?

Put the verbs into the correct tense (present simple OR present continuous):
The train always ________________(1: leave) on time.
"What's the matter? Why ________________(2: cry/you)?"
That's strange. They________________(3: not to watch) TV.
He________________(4: not to speak) very good English.
Please be quiet! I________________(5: do) my homework.
Where________________(6: live/they)?
Listen! John ________________ music! (7: play)
I never ________________(8: go) to the swimming pool.

Harold Black's a famous pianist. He________________(9: give) two or three concerts every week. He ________________(10: travel) a lot and this week he's in New York. He________________(11: stay) at an expensive hotel. He's at his hotel now. He________________(12: have) his breakfast in the dining-room. He________________(13: drink) a cup of coffee and he________________(14: read) a newspaper. Harold's always very busy. He________________(15: play) the piano regularly. He________________(16: practise) for four hours every day. He________________(17: go) to bed late and he always ________________(18: get up) early. But he sometimes________________(19: get) dressed too quickly, and this morning he________________(20: wear) one blue sock and one red one!

 ANSWERS

1. leaves | 2. are you crying | 3. are not watching (= aren't watching) | 4. does not speak (= doesn't speak) | 5. am doing | 6. do they live | 7. is playing | 8. go
9. gives | 10. travels | 11. is staying (= he's staying) | 12. is having | 13. is drinking | 14. is reading | 15. plays | 16. practises | 17. doesn't go | 18. gets up | 19. gets | 20. is wearing

Past Simple (Preterite)

Main use: past action (dated and definite)

-- REGULAR VERBS --
Did they play football yesterday?
>> Yes, they played football yesterday.
= Yes, they did.
>> No, they didn't play football.
= No, they didn't.
-- IRREGULAR VERBS --
Did they win yesterday?
>> Yes, they won.
= Yes, they did.
No, they didn't win yesterday.
= No, they didn't.

TEST - Fill in the gaps: ____________ (1: you/go) to London yesterday? Yes, I ____________ (2): I ____________ (3: take) the Eurostar and I ____________ (4: arrive) at Waterloo Station. I ____________ (5: meet) old friends there. They ____________ (6: be) all very happy to see me. I ____________ (7: visit) the town with them and I even ____________ (8: see) Prince Charles! I ____________ (9: go) to Buckingham Palace too! It ____________ (10: be) a wonderful journey! ANSWERS 1: did you go | 2: did | 3: took | 4: arrived | 5. met | 6. were | 7: visited | 8: saw | went | was (GO, TAKE, MEET, BE, SEE are irregular).

Irregular Verbs

Infinitive - Preterite - Past participle
be - was/were - been
bear - bore - born
become - became - become
begin - began - begun
bet - bet - bet
bite - bit - bitten
blow - blew - blown
break - broke - broken
bring - brought - brought
build - built - built
burn - burnt - burnt
buy - bought - bought
catch - caught - caught
choose - chose - chosen
come - came - come
cost - cost - cost
cut - cut - cut
do - did - done
draw - drew - drawn
dream - dreamt - dreamt
drink - drank - drunk
drive - drove - driven
eat - ate - eaten
fall - fell - fallen
feel - felt - felt - ressentir
fight - fought - fought
find - found - found
fly - flew - flown
forget - forgot - forgotten
forgive - forgave - forgiven
get - got - got
give - gave - given
go - went - gone
have -had - had
hear - heard - heard
keep - kept - kept
leave - left - left
know - knew - known
lose - lost - lost
make - made - made
meet - met - met
read - read - read
ring - rang - rung
say - said - said
see - saw - seen
sit - sat - sat
sleep - slept - slept
swim - swam - swum
take - took - taken
think - thought - thought
write - wrote - written

 TEST - YOUR TURN NOW!
We give you one form. You must find the 2 other forms.
1. give - ?? - ??
2. ?? - drew - ??
3. ?? - ?? - begun
4. fly - ?? - ??
5. ?? - sat - ??
6. ?? - ?? - brought
7. ?? - ?? - ??
8. build - ?? - ?? - ??



ANSWERS 1. give - gave - given | 2. draw - drew - drawn | 3. begin - began - begun | 4. fly - flew - flown | 5. sit - sat - sat | 6. bring - brought - brought | 7. write - wrote - written | 8. build - built - built


Preterite: BE + -ING

Main use: action in the past, which was being done, when another short action interrupted it.

Syntax: auxiliary BE (was/were) + Verb + -ING

Examples:
Were they playing football when you saw them yesterday?

Answers:
Yes, they were playing football when I saw them yesterday.
= Yes, they were.

No, they weren't playing football when I saw them yesterday.
= No, they weren't.

TEST Please choose the correct tense: simple past or BE+-ING? I _____________ (1: have) a bath yesterday when the phone _____________ (2: ring). "That must be my mother," I _____________ (3: think). As I _____________ (4: get) out of the bath, I _____________ (5: put) my foot on my watch and I _____________ (6: break) it. The phone _____________ (7: still/ring). I _____________ (8: run) out of the bathroom and I _____________ (9: hit) my head on the door. It _____________ (10: hurt) terribly and I _____________ (11: want) to sit down for a moment, but the phone _____________ (12: still/ring). "Please wait a minute, mother," I _____________ (13: think). The cats _____________ (14: sit) at the top of the stairs. I _____________ (15: not/see) them and I _____________ (16: fall). At the bottom of the stairs I _____________ (17: get up). My right leg _____________ (18: hurt) more than my head. The phone _____________ (19: still/ring). At last I _____________ (20: answer) it. It _____________ (21: be) my mother. "Hello, dear. Is evrything all right?" she _____________ (22: say). ANSWERS: 1: was having | 2: rang | 3: thought | 4: was getting | 5: put | 6: broke | 7: was still ringing | 8: ran | 9: hit | 10: hurt | 11: wanted | 12: was still ringing | 13: thought | 14: were sitting | 15: didn't see | 16: fell | 17: got up | 18: was hurting | 19: was still ringing [ 20: answered | 21: was | 22: said

THE SIMPLE PAST vs. PRETERITE: BE + -ING

SIMPLE PAST PRETERITE: BE + ING SYNTAX * Affirmative: -> Regular verbs: BV + -ED eg. We played football. -> Irregular verbs: please learn them eg. We ate a sandwich. * Questions & negation: use the auxiliary DID. eg. Did you play football? eg. No, we didn't play (did not play) football. * All forms (regular & irregular verbs): we use the auxiliary BE in the past(WAS/WERE) + base form ending in -ING: eg. Were you playing football? Yes, we were playing football. No, we weren't (were not) playing football. MAIN USE A short action, which took place in the past. It is often dated. eg. In 1998, I went to Spain. An action in the past, which was being done, when another short action interrupted it. eg. I was having a bath when the phone rang.

> TEST Choose the right tense (simple past / BE + -ING) : a) Last week, I _________________ (buy) a new car. b) Sarah _______________________ (do) her homework when you __________________________ (arrive). c) What ________________ you ___________________ (do) last summer? d) Peter ________________ (not to go) to school: he __________________ (be) too tired.

> ANSWERS: a) Last week, I BOUGHT a new car. b) Sarah WAS DOING her homework when you ARRIVED. c) What DID you DO last summer? d) Peter DIDN'T GO to school: he WAS too tired.

PRESENT PERFECT

Main uses:

1) Past actions with results/consequences in the present.
Paul has eaten all the cookies.
When was the action done? In the past: a few minutes ago/yesterday.
Consequence? There is no cookie left. There is nothing left for me.

2) Actions which began in the past and are still in progress.
Paul has lived in London for 10 years.
When did it start? 10 years ago.
Is it finished? No, it isn't. Paul is still in London. He lives in London.

SYNTAX: HAVE (or HAS with he/she/it) + PAST PARTICIPLE
I have done my homework. She has done her homework (verb: do)

NEGATIVE:
I have not done my homework. = I haven't done my homework. She has not done her homework. = She hasn't done her homework.

QUESTION:
Have you done your homework? Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.

TEST: Present perfect - Conjugate the verbs: 1. Peter _____________ (steal) my trainers! 2. I ________________ (buy) this magazine. 3. We ______________ (write) three pages this afternoon. 4. _________________ (ever/you/be) to London? 5. I ________________ (finish) my work yet. ANSWERS 1. Paul has stolen my trainers! 2. I have bought this magazine. 3. We have written three pages this afternoon. 4. Have you ever been to London? 5. I have not finshed my work yet. I haven't finished my work yet.

Past progressive
> The past progressive is a past tense which emphasizes the ongoing nature of the action described.
WAS/WERE + Verb - ING
I was working.
He was eating his dinner when the phone rang.
The cat was meowing last night while we tried to sleep.


> If an idea could be expressed with the expression "was in the process of doing" or with "was in the midst of doing," the past progressive will be more appropriate than the simple past. Consequently, verbs indicating belief, emotion, possession, etc., are rarely conjugated in the past progressive:
I thought that was right. ["I was in the process of thinking..." would be awkward.]
Cheryl owned her own house. ["Cheryl was in the midst of owning..." would be awkward.]

> Note: Do not use the past progressive in order to describe habitual actions in the past.

TEST
Simple past or past progressive?
1. I ___________________ (do) my homework when Peter ___________________ (arrive).
2. When ___________________ (go) to the disco, we ___________________ (see) a car accident.
3. When they ___________________ (sleep), they ___________________ (hear) a big noise.

Pluperfect

> The plu-perfect is formed with the auxiliary HAD, followed by the past participle of the main verb:
He had always wanted to travel in Africa.
She had already left when Philippe arrived.
I bought the book that Corinne had recommended to me.


> The plu-perfect shows that the action has been done before another action (in the past). Adverbs such as "already" reinforce this impression.
She learned to love the dog that had bitten her the week before.
When I got home, I had already heard the bad news.
The children ate all the cookies that their father had bought.



> The plu-perfect is often used in hypothetical expressions with "if", in conjunction with the past conditional:
I would not have come if I had known he was ill.


> With the adverb "just", the plu-perfect indicates the immediate past in a past context:
He had just eaten lunch when I arrived.

TEST - Fill in the gaps with the verbs (plu-perfect): 1. I went to Paris two days ago. I ___________________ (already / to be) to Europe several years before. 2. I ate the apple I _________________ (to buy) in the supermarket. 3. _________________ you _________________ (to do) your homework when your friend arrived? > Answer 1: Yes, I _________________. > Answer 2: No, I _________________. ANSWERS 1. I had already been to Paris. 2. I had bought. 3. Had you done your homework... Yes, I had. No, I hadn't.

THE PAST

PAST SIMPLE (PRETERITE)	PRETERITE: BE + -ING
MAIN USE past action (dated and definite) SYNTAX Affirmative -> Regular verbs: verb + -ED e.g. Yesterday, I played football. -> Irregular verbs: there is no easy rule; you must learn them by heart e.g. In 1998, I went to Australia. Interrogative & negative: use DID e.g. -> Did you go to Australia? -> Yes, I did. No, I didn't (go to Australia).	MAIN USE action in the past, which was being done, when another short action interrupted it SYNTAX Affirmative auxiliary BE in the past (WAS/WERE) + verb + -ING e.g. I was taking a shower when the phone rang. Interrogative & negative: inversion e.g. Were you listening to the radio when he arrived? -> Yes, I was. / No, I wasn't (listening to the radio).
PRESENT PERFECT	PLUPERFECT
MAIN USES a) Actions which began in the past and are still in progress. b) Past actions with results/consequences in the present. SYNTAX Affirmative auxiliary HAVE (HAS with he/she/it) + past participle e.g. a) I have lived in Paris since 1992. b) Sarah has eaten all the cakes. (There is no cake left). Interrogative & negative: inversion e.g. Have you broken by vase? -> Yes, I have. / No, I haven't (broken the vase).	MAIN USE Action which was done before another action (in the past). SYNTAX Affirmative auxiliary HAD + past participle e.g. Peter went to Sydney in 2002. I had been there two years before. Interrogative & negative: inversion e.g. Had you bought a car? -> Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't (bought a car).

 TEST : Fill in the gaps with the verbs. Choose the correct tense.
a) - Peter, what _____________________ (do) yesterday?
- I _____________________ (play) football with Mike.
b) John's father _____________________ (be) very unhappy: when he _____________________ (get) back home, he _____________________ (find) that thieves _____________________ (break) into his flat.

c) Mum, Sarah _____________________ (break) my TV! I _____________________ (watch) it when she _____________________ (come) into my room and _____________________ (break) it! I can't watch the football match! Do something!

 ANSWERS
a) - Peter, what did you do yesterday? (preterite)
- I played football with Mike. (preterite)


b) John's father was (preterite) very unhappy: when he got (preterite) back home, he found (preterite) that thieves had broken (pluperfect) into his flat.

c) Mum, Sarah has broken (present perfect) my TV! I was watching (preterite: BE + -ING) it when she came (preterite) into my room and broke (preterite) it! I can't watch the football match! Do something!

Conditional
The conditional is formed using the modal "would" in front of an infinitive (dropping the word "to"). The conditional is used especially in three contexts:
1) Politeness
I would like the menu, please.
Would you have a couple of minutes for me?

2) To indicate the "future within the past":
She said she would come to the party.
I thought he would arrive before me.

3) In hypothetical constructions with "if." When "if" is followed by the preterit or the subjunctive, the conditional is expected in the second clause:
If I had the time, I would do my homework.
If you told me the truth, I would believe you.


The "if" of hypothetical expressions can be implicit:
In your position (= if I were you), I wouldn't stay here!

 TEST - Build a sentence with all these words:
1. rich / would / If / buy / a / house / were / big / I
2. said / like / come / She / would / not / to / she
3. could / I / big / would / if / give / you / a / ring / I


ANSWERS 1. If I were rich, I would buy a big house. 2. She said she would not like to come. 3. I would give you a big ring if I could.


Present Participles

> Formation

The present participle is formed by adding the ending "--ing" to the infinitive (dropping any silent "e" at the end of the infinitive):
to sing --> singing
to take --> taking
to bake --> baking
to be --> being
to have --> having

> Use
A. The present participle may often function as an adjective:
That's an interesting book.
That tree is a weeping willow.

B. The present participle can be used as a noun denoting an activity (this form is also called a gerund):
Swimming is good exercise.
Traveling is fun.

C. The present participle can indicate an action that is taking place, although it cannot stand by itself as a verb. In these cases it generally modifies a noun (or pronoun), an adverb, or a past participle:
Thinking myself lost, I gave up all hope.
Washing clothes is not my idea of a job.
Looking ahead is important.


D. The present participle may be used with "while" or "by" to express an idea of simultaneity ("while") or causality ("by") :
He finished dinner while watching television.
By using a dictionary he could find all the words.
While speaking on the phone, she doodled.
By calling the police you saved my life!

E. The present participle of the auxiliary "have" may be used with the past participle to describe a past condition resulting in another action:
Having spent all his money, he returned home.
Having told herself that she would be too late, she accelerated.

 TEST
A) Find the gerund: 1. to give | 2. to walk | 3. to sit | 4. to help
B) Fill in the blanks with BY or WHILE + a present participle. Une one of these verbs: to look, to watch, to work
1. He passed his exam __________________ very hard.
2. He did his homework __________________ TV.
3. They found the way to our house __________________ at their map.

ANSWERS A) 1. giving | 2. walking | 3. sitting | 4. helping
B) 1. by working hard | 2. while watching TV | 3. by looking at their map

The imperative

> Imperatives are used to issue commands. They use the infinitive of verbs (dropping the word "to"); in the first person plural ("we"), the infinitive is preceded by "let's" (or: "let us"):

• Speak!
• Finish your homework!
• Let's eat!
• Close the door!

> The negative imperative is formed by placing "don't" (or "do not") before the imperative form; in the first person plural one uses "let's not" (or "let us not") :

• Let's not forget who helped us.
• Don't leave me!
• Don't walk on the grass!
• Please don't eat the daisies!

> The imperative has no effect on the word order of the rest of the sentence.

TEST - Find the imperative forms of these phrases:
1) you / go to the supermarket.
2) we / have a drink
3) you / not to smoke
4) we / not to take the car

ANSWERS 1. Go to the supermarket! 2. Let's have a drink! 3. Don't smoke! 4. Let's not take the car. (We'll go there by bus).

FUTURE

>> WILL:
- predictions (John won't win the race; the weather will be very bad tomorrow.)
- scheduled events (the show will start at 10 tonight).
- promises: I will help you to do your homework tonight.

Syntax: S + WILL + base form

Will you help me?
I will help you

> You will help you / He will help you / We will help you / You will help you / They will help you.

>> GOING TO:
- planned events or intentions (which have been decided on before the moment of speaking and which are not very far from this moment).

Syntax: S + BE (present tense) + GOING TO + base form

Are you going to buy a car tomorrow?
I am going to buy a car tomorrow morning.

> You are going to buy a car… She is going to buy a car… We are going to buy a car… You are going to buy a car… They are going to buy a car…

TEST: 1) Put these words into the correct order to build a sentence: a) to / New York / I / tomorrow / fly / am / to / going b) she / records / will / to / bring / the / her / party c) am / married / I / get / going / to d) later / guitar / the / play / will / you e) they / eat / to / going / are 2) Fill in these sentences a) I've just finished my homework so I …………………………………. (to play) video games. b) She ………………………………….(to give) a concert at the Town Hall next Saturday night. c) They are hungry; they ………………………………….(to have) a snack. d) You ………………………………….(not to use) the phone, are you? ANSWERS: 1 a. I am going to fly to New York tomorrow. b. She will bring her records to the party. c. I am going to get married. d. You will play the guitar later. e. They are going to eat. 2. a. I am going to play = I'm going to play b. She will give a concert / She is going to give c. they are going to have / They will have d. You aren't going to use / You won't use

Past Conditional

> The past conditional is expressed using the modal "would" before a past infinitive (= "have" + past participle). This construction serves to express missed opportunities and past hypotheses:
She told me that she would have liked to come and see us.
In your position, I would have done the same thing.


> One finds it often in hypothetical constructions with "if." When "if" is followed by the pluperfect, the conditional past is expected in the second clause:
If you had told me the truth, I would have believed you.
If he had worked harder, he'd have received a better grade.


> Note: In a few regions (principally in the United States) one hears the conditional past in both clauses of hypothetical expressions:
If you would have told me he was going to win, I wouldn't have believed you.

TEST - Fill in the blanks with the verbs (past conditional + hypothetical construction if required): 1. If you ________________ (study) hard, you ________________ (pass) your exam. 2. He told me that he ________________ (like) to come to the USA with us. 3. If he ________________ (work) all day long, he ________________ (be) happy to go to the pictures with you. ANSWERS 1. If you had studied hard, you would have passed your exam. 2. He told me that he would have liked to come to the USA with us. 3. If he hadn't worked all day long, he would have been happy to go to the pictures with you.

The subjunctive

The subjunctive is used rarely. One finds vestiges of it in a few hypothetical expressions (using "if + to be") and in a few set phrases.
(In many cases the subjunctive -- considered archaic or literary -- is replaced by the modal "would," used to express the conditional.)
Other meanings often communicated by the subjunctive in other languages will be expressed by modal verbs in English.

> In constructions using "if + to be", one should use "were" (instead of "was") with the first and third persons singular ("I" and "he," "she," or "it"). (In spoken English, and in much informal writing, "was" will still be used.)

If I were Muriel, I'd never go back there.
If she were alone, I'd stop by to see her.
He acts as if he were crazy.

> When you use verbs, the rule is easy to understand:
If I had enough money, I would buy a big house.

> Set phrases and proverbs:
God help us!
Long live the king!
Would that I were free!

 TEST
Build a sentence with one part from column A and one part from column B. The sentence must be logical.
eg: If she had time, she would visit you.

A a. She had time. b. John didn't know this beautiful girl. c. They spent too much time on the beach. d. Betty liked exotic food. e. There was enough snow. f. You travelled by bus. g. I had your address.

B 1. She would visit you. 2. She wouldn't eat at McDonald's every day. 3. He wouldn't invite her out. 4. I would send you a postcard. 5. It would be cheaper. 6. They would get sunburnt. 7. You would go skiing.

ANSWERS a1. If she had time, she would visit you. b3. If John didn't know this beautiful girl, he wouldn't invite her out. c6. If they spent too much time on the beach, they would get sunburnt. d2. If Betty liked exotic food, she wouldn't eat at McDonald's every day. e7. If there was enough snow, you would go skiing. f5. If you travelled by bus, it would be cheaper. g4. If I had your address, I would send you a postcard.